环境法治多中心模式及其结构设计

首先指出我国目前的环境法治行政单中心模式的弊端,进而分析了多中心理论在我国的适用性,并在对其进行修正的基础上,进行了环境法治多中心模式的框架设计。     

地表水水质模型概述

近些年来,我国水环境问题日益凸显,借助水质模型对水污染问题进行研究,并为相关管理和规划提供技术支持已经成为水环境研究的热点。本文阐述了地表水水质模型的概念、发展以及分类,介绍了几种当前比较成熟的地表水水质模型,并对地表水水质模型的未来发展做了展望。     

亚运时段广州大气污染物来源数值模拟研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System,NAQPMS)研究2006年亚运时段广州的空气质量状况,同时结合污染源追踪方法,分析珠三角各城市的源排放对广州全市、广州二环以内市区、广州6个亚运加强观测站的污染物浓度贡献.结果表明,NAQPMS模式能较好地反映广州各污染物(NO2、SO2、PM10)浓度的变化;广州全市、广州市区、6个亚运加强观测站的污染物最主要来源于本地排放,而周边城市以东莞的贡献最大.3个源受体中,广州市区受本地排放的影响最显著,来自本地的NO2、SO2、PM10的月均贡献率分别为89.5%、75.4%、86.7%;东莞则对6个亚运加强观测站的影响最为突出,其NO2、SO2、PM10的月均贡献率达9.3%、23.8%、21.7%,而日最大贡献率高达19.3%、40.2%、48.7%.因此在大力削减广州本地污染排放的同时,对周边城市特别是东莞实施区域联防联控,将能有效改善亚运场馆附近的空气质量.     

带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形柱温度场试验与数值分析

为研究高温下带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形截面柱温度场的分布规律,采用电热炉进行了温度场试验,进而采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立模型,与试验结果比较,验证模型的可靠性,在此基础上,分析了标准火灾下构件温度分布规律,构件从受火面到构件截面中部,温度逐渐降低,混凝土温度较钢管和钢筋温度明显滞后,且四个阳角温度高于两个阴角温度。在工程常用范围内,分析了受火时间、截面尺寸和加劲肋间距对构件温度场分布的影响,结果表明:随着构件截面尺寸的增大截面温度呈明显降低趋势,随着受火时间的增加钢管温度和混凝土温度呈不同态势增长,而钢筋加劲肋间距变化对温度场影响较小。     

Model experiment on the dynamic process of oil leakage from the double hull tanker

This paper presents an experimental investigation on oil leakage from the double hull tanker (DHT). It is designed to explore the dynamic process of oil leakage from bottom-rupture hole of DHT. The experimental test shows the leakage resistance mechanism of ballast tank space. The behavior of oil leakage from damaged DHT and dynamic features of flow in the overall process are demonstrated from experimental results. The overall process of oil leakage is divided into free-leakage and resistance-leakage stage according to the corresponding power to study the dynamic features of oil-water flow inside or outside the tank. The corresponding dominated factors of oil leakage in different stage are also pointed out, and the unsteady Bernoulli’s equation is used to verify experimental results. Meanwhile, viscous effect in leakage process is discussed and the importance of hydrodynamic features associated with the mechanism of oil leakage is explored from experimental results.     

不同模式对珠三角地区细颗粒物污染模拟效果对比评估

运用CAMxv5.4、CMAQv4.7.1、CMAQv5.0.2(AEOR5)和CMAQv5.02(AEOR6)模拟2013年12月珠三角地区空气质量,并对比评估不同模式、不同模式版本、不同气溶胶机制在PM_(2.5)模拟上的表现.各模式在PM_(2.5)的模拟上均表现良好,呈现出合理且相似的时空特征,在市区和非超标时段CAMx模式表现最优,而在郊区和超标时段则不存在表现最优的模式.CMAQ系列模式在市区和郊区、超标时段和非超标时段均表现相似,CMAQ4模式表现均优于CMAQ5系列模式,而CMAQ5AE6模式在反映PM_(2.5)的浓度水平的能力上强于CMAQ5AE5模式,但在重现PM_(2.5)小时浓度变化趋势的能力上却劣于CMAQ5AE5模式.边界条件是不同模式PM_(2.5)模拟差异的主要来源之一,且在超标时段边界条件对PM_(2.5)模拟效果的影响大于非超标时段.此外,CAMx模式与CMAQ5AE5模式之间硫酸盐、硝酸盐和有机颗粒的差异导致了其PM_(2.5)模拟表现上差异,CMAQ4模式与CMAQ5AE5模式之间硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐等无机盐组分的差异是导致其PM_(2.5)模拟差异的主要原因,硝酸盐和铵盐的差异是CMAQ5AE5模式与CMAQ5AE6模式之间PM_(2.5)模拟差异的主要因素.     

Mapping Outlets of Iowa Flood Center and National Water Center River Networks for Hydrologic Model Comparison

River networks based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data differ depending on the DEM resolution, accuracy, and algorithms used for network extraction. As spatial scale increases, the differences diminish. This study explores methods that identify the scale where networks obtained by different methods agree within some margin of error. The problem is relevant for comparing hydrologic models built around the two networks. An example is the need to compare streamflow prediction from the Hillslope Link Model (HLM) operated by the Iowa Flood Center (IFC) and the National Water Model (NWM) operated by the National Water Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The HLM uses landscape decomposition into hillslopes and channel links while the NWM uses the NHDPlus dataset as its basic spatial support. While the HLM resolves the scale of the NHDPlus, the outlets of the latter do not necessarily correspond to the nodes of the HLM model. The authors evaluated two methods to map the outlets of NHDPlus to outlets on the IFC network. The methods compare the upstream areas of the channels and their spatial location. Both methods displayed similar performance and identified matches for about 80% of the outlets with a tolerance of 10% in errors in the upstream area. As the aggregation scale increases, the number of matches also increases. At the scale of 100 km², 90% of the outlets have matches with tolerance of 5%. The authors recommend this scale for comparing the HLM and NWM streamflow predictions.     

Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Intelligent Hazard Alerts: The “FloodHippo” Prototype

Disasters evolving from hazards are a persistent and deadly occurrence in the United States. Despite this, hazard alerts have remained spatially vague, temporally imprecise, and lack actionable information. These deficiencies indicate a divide between the status quo and what is possible given modern environmental models, geographic information systems (GIS), and smartphone capabilities. This work describes an alternative, prototype system, “FloodHippo,” which integrates operational model outputs, cloud‐based GIS, and expanded communication channels to provide personal and interactive disaster alerts for floods. The precepts and methods underpinning FloodHippo apply equally to other disasters that evolve over space and time, presenting the opportunity for a more intelligent disaster response system. The development of such a system would not only minimize current shortcomings in disaster alerts but also improve resilience through individual action, along with community, academic, and federal cooperation.     

半岛型城市PM2.5多情景数值模拟研究

烟台是中国最东部半岛型城市之一,研究应用WRF-CMAQ空气质量模拟系统和排放清单技术,建立以PM2.5质量改善为核心的一次污染物质减排情景和PM2.5浓度下降之间的定量对应关系.分析结果表明,若烟台2020年实现空气质量达标,SO2、NOx、一次PM2.5分别需消减30%、30%和40%以上;一次PM2.5减排控制对PM2.5浓度下降的贡献,是SO2和NOx等常规污染物减排控制效益的8倍左右;如果仅依靠消减SO2和NOx等常规污染物,无法实现PM2.5浓度的大幅度下降.     

考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率及其差异研究

论文采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型测算了考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率,并对全要素能源效率差异进行分解研究.研究发现:第一,多数资源型城市处于非效率状态,不同类别城市间效率差异明显,并且这种差异并未随时间明显改善;第二,按区域分组,区域内差异是造成全要素能源效率总体差异的主因,其中,中部区域组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第三,按规划综合分类分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,成熟型组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第四,按资源类型分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,煤炭类组内差异与综合类组内差异是造成总体差异最为重要的前两位因素.在研究结果的基础上,论文探讨了相关的含义.